Does Paper Check Check References?

The scope of paper checking includes the main body of the paper, the abstract section, and tables, among others. Typically, the table of contents is not within the scope of paper checking. Although the table of contents is not within the checking range, the prerequisite for checking is that the table of contents format must be correct, so it is important to pay attention to the format of the table of contents. When writing a paper, everyone must set it up according to the specified format requirements of the paper.

Does paper check check references? Let’s find out together below.

1. Does Paper Check Check References?

References are not within the scope of paper checking. Although they are not within the checking range, when writing a paper, it is essential to strictly edit the references according to the required format; otherwise, there is a higher probability of repetition. The format of references is relatively complex, so extra care must be taken when citing them.

2. Precautions for Citing References

1. The format of references has specific requirements. Everyone needs to set it up according to the format requirements for references. Its format is different from that of the paper and is prone to errors.

2. Citation of literature. Do not cite too many articles by the same author, and ensure that the cited viewpoints are accurate. Everyone needs to read the references in detail and understand their content before applying them. The cited literature should preferably be published and up-to-date, ensuring that the articles are not too outdated, which could lead to obsolete viewpoints.

3. Requirements for the number of citations. Typically, there should be about 10 references, and these references must include English ones. Additionally, the types of citations should be diverse, preferably including journal articles, books, etc. Avoid relying solely on one type, such as only journal articles or only papers, and try to make the references as varied as possible.

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Does Paper Plagiarism Check Include Content from Baidu? Is Content from Baidu Included in Paper Plagiarism Check?

When writing a paper, it is inevitable to refer to literature and materials written by others. With the development of internet technology, there is now a lot of high-quality content available on Baidu. Some students may want to use this high-quality content from Baidu in their papers but are unsure whether such content will be included in the scope of paper plagiarism check, leaving them confused. So, does paper plagiarism check include content from Baidu?

1. Does Paper Plagiarism Check Include Content from Baidu?

Paper plagiarism check generally includes sections such as the abstract, keywords, main body, and acknowledgments. When we check a paper for plagiarism, we usually submit the paper to a reliable plagiarism check system for detection. Although there are many paper plagiarism check systems on the market, formal and professional systems will compare the paper against internet content, meaning that if your paper includes content from Baidu, it will be detected. Therefore, the scope of paper plagiarism check does include content from Baidu.

2. The Importance of Paper Plagiarism Check

Many universities in China have clear requirements for paper plagiarism checks, which are necessary to combat academic misconduct. Whether a paper passes the plagiarism check affects whether you can participate in the thesis defense and ultimately graduate. Therefore, it is essential to take paper plagiarism checks seriously and strive to pass this stage in one go. When conducting a plagiarism check, selecting a high-quality plagiarism check system in advance to test the paper content can help you understand the plagiarism rate of your paper. Quillbot is a professional, high-quality, and affordable paper plagiarism check system. Choosing this system can help you successfully pass the paper plagiarism check stage.

Does Plagiarism Check Include Abstracts and References? (Complete Guide Here)

Have you ever been criticized by your teacher for plagiarism, but you thought you didn’t do it? The fact is, many people don’t know that the scope of checking papers includes both abstracts and references. This article will explain the scope of plagiarism checking and address common questions to avoid accusations of plagiarism.

What is Plagiarism Check?

Before submitting academic work, students and scholars often receive detailed guidance, one of which is how to avoid plagiarism. That’s why many checkers are designed to examine academic works for plagiarism issues. Plagiarism checkers can not only check well-known online resources but also scan journal papers, books, seminar papers, dissertations, and more.

Specific Scope of Plagiarism Check

If you haven’t carefully studied how plagiarism checkers work and the principles behind the technology, you might think that simply checking content and independent creation can avoid plagiarism accusations. However, in reality, the scope of plagiarism checking is sometimes broader than you imagine.

Plagiarism checkers can not only scan whether your paper’s content has been copied or referenced from the internet or other resources, but they can also check your abstract and references. For many, this might be a new concept, but it is a crucial part of maintaining academic integrity.

Common Questions

1. If I reference others’ research results in my abstract, do I need to include them in the references?

Content referenced in the abstract should be listed in the references, the same as any other citations in your paper.

2. What problems might arise if my references are incorrect or incomplete?

If you don’t list all references or list incorrect ones, your paper is likely to be considered plagiarized.

3. If I properly cite the original author’s research results, do I still need to provide references?

Even if you conduct an in-depth study of an author’s work, you must provide appropriate citations. This is because if you reuse the content of the subject without proper citation, your paper will be considered plagiarized.

Conclusion

Including abstracts and references in plagiarism checks is an indisputable part of maintaining academic ethics. If you don’t understand these rules, your paper is highly likely to be considered plagiarized, which could cause irreparable damage to your academic and professional career. Therefore, you should ensure compliance with these rules and use professional plagiarism checkers that can examine these areas to ensure your paper is recognized as genuinely original work, not a plagiarized paper!

Now that you understand the breadth of the plagiarism check scope, you are ready to follow these rules. Start checking your paper to ensure it is completely original and free of any plagiarism issues!

A Complete Guide to Chinese Legal Dissertation Format

Overview

Writing a Chinese legal dissertation can be a challenging task for many students. In addition to careful research and clear thinking, students need to follow specific formatting requirements. This article aims to provide a detailed guide on Chinese legal dissertation formatting to help readers easily understand and effectively write their papers.

Dissertation Structure

Before delving into the specifics of Chinese legal dissertation formatting, let’s first understand the basic structure of a dissertation. Typically, a Chinese legal dissertation may include the following sections:

1. Title Page: The title page should include the Chinese title, English title, author’s name, school/institution name, major/field, date, and other information.
2. Abstract: The abstract should briefly summarize the main content of the dissertation and outline key points and conclusions. The abstract should have a logical structure, including background, purpose, method, results, and conclusions.
3. Table of Contents: The table of contents lists the titles and page numbers of each chapter to help readers navigate quickly.
4. Introduction: The introduction should clearly state the purpose and importance of the research, provide background information, and spark reader interest.
5. Literature Review: The literature review is a retrospective and evaluation of relevant research in the current legal field. This section should provide sufficient information to demonstrate the innovation and necessity of the research.
6. Methodology: This chapter describes the methods and methodology you adopted in your research. You need to explain your data collection, analysis, and interpretation processes.
7. Results: The results section presents your research findings through tables, charts, and clear descriptions.
8. Discussion: The discussion section analyzes and interprets your research results, comparing and discussing them with existing literature. You need to clarify the contribution and impact of your findings on the current field.
9. Conclusion: The conclusion is a summary of your entire research. You need to re-emphasize your main findings and suggest possible directions for further research.
10. References: The references list the literature cited in the dissertation. You need to correctly list each citation according to the specified citation format.

Details of Chinese Legal Dissertation Format

Font and Font Size

In Chinese legal dissertations, Song typeface is usually used as the body font, with a font size of small four (12pt). Headings can use Heiti typeface, with different font sizes selected according to the level.

Margins and Line Spacing

Margins and line spacing are important parts of Chinese legal dissertation formatting. The following settings are usually recommended:

• Top margin: 2.5 cm
• Bottom margin: 2.5 cm
• Left margin: 3 cm
• Right margin: 2.5 cm

Line spacing is generally 1.5 times or double spacing.

Chapter Headings

Chapter headings at various levels should use the corresponding standard heading format in Chinese legal dissertations:

• First-level heading: Size 3 Heiti bold, centered
• Second-level heading: Size 4 Heiti bold, left-aligned
• Third-level heading: Small size 4 Heiti bold, left-aligned
• Fourth-level heading: Small size 4 Heiti, left-aligned

Tables and Charts

In Chinese legal dissertations, tables and charts are often used to present research results. When writing your dissertation, please note the following points:

• Tables and charts should have clear titles, numbers, and source descriptions.
• Text in tables should use small size 5 Song typeface.
• Charts should have appropriate labels and be properly explained when referenced.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What citation format should I use?

In Chinese legal dissertations, the citation format generally follows “Work Title” (Author’s Last Name, Year). Ensure that citations in the text are consistent with the citation format in the reference list.

2. How should I allocate word count among various sections?

The word count allocation for each section should depend on the specific requirements of the dissertation and the focus of the research. The introduction and conclusion are usually shorter, while the methodology, results, and discussion sections may take up more word count. Please refer to the dissertation guidelines or communicate with your instructor for more specific guidance.

3. Are there any additional requirements to note?

There may be some additional requirements, such as the need to include the school logo on the dissertation cover. Make sure to carefully read the dissertation guidelines and follow the specified formatting requirements.

Conclusion

This article provides a comprehensive guide to Chinese legal dissertation formatting. By following the formatting requirements introduced in this article, you can better organize and present your research results. Remember to use the correct font, margins, and line spacing when writing your dissertation, and follow the specified citation format. We hope this article helps you write a standardized Chinese legal dissertation.

A Comprehensive Breakdown of Paper Plagiarism Check Methods: Detection Approaches in Paper Check Systems

Paper plagiarism check systems are divided into two forms: small decomposition check and large decomposition check. Both belong to the detection methods of plagiarism check systems. The choice between these two decomposition methods mainly depends on the word count of the paper. The maximum limit of detectable words is also the biggest difference between small decomposition check and large decomposition check. If the word count is relatively small, small decomposition is generally chosen because small decomposition can detect a relatively small number of words, with a maximum limit of about 14,000 words. Therefore, those with higher word counts generally choose large decomposition. Today, we will introduce the large decomposition method in paper plagiarism checks.

Generally, large decomposition check can detect about 30,000 words, while the maximum limit for small decomposition check is 14,000 words. Therefore, if your paper has more than 11,000 words and less than 30,000 words, choosing large decomposition check is a smart choice. After the plagiarism check system checks the paper, the results are displayed in a detection report. Because large decomposition check handles more words, it can provide four report sheets, while small decomposition only provides two.

Moreover, the price of large decomposition check is relatively higher. However, it is important to understand that a higher price does not necessarily mean higher accuracy. This is a point that is easily misunderstood; the key issue is the word count of the paper. If the word count is too high, the article can be divided into several sections and then checked segment by segment. However, segmented checking is more cumbersome to operate, costs more, and may affect the generated detection report.

How long does large decomposition check take? After submitting the paper to the check system, the detection results are generally available within 30-120 minutes. As mentioned above, large decomposition check provides four detection report sheets.

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Abstract Format (Exploring Methods for Writing Good Abstracts)

As an important part of academic papers, the abstract serves as a summary of the paper’s content. Writing a good abstract allows readers to better understand the main ideas and key points of the paper, enhancing its readability and guiding others to conduct more in-depth exploration of related research. So, how can we write a good abstract?

Appropriate Abstract Length

Generally, the length of a Chinese abstract should be between 200-300 words, while an English abstract should be between 150-250 words. An overly long abstract may tire readers, while one that is too short may not adequately summarize the full content. Therefore, before writing an abstract, we need to understand the length requirements and refine it accordingly to ensure appropriate length.

Clear and Concise Language

The abstract should use clear and concise language to accurately describe the main content of the article, avoiding excessive use of obscure vocabulary and long sentences. At the same time, it is important to maintain an objective and neutral tone, avoiding subjective and emotional language.

Highlighting Core Ideas and Research Methods

When writing an abstract, it is essential to accurately summarize the core ideas of the article, emphasizing research methods and results to attract readers’ attention and provide them with a deeper understanding of the research field. In terms of writing, key terms can be bolded or annotated to improve readability.

Points to Note During Abstract Writing

First, screenshots or charts can be included in the abstract to better present the content and research results of the article. Second, the language of the abstract must be accurate, avoiding spelling, grammatical, and wording errors. Finally, it is important to explain specialized terms and abbreviations in the abstract to ensure readers can understand and grasp the core content of the article.

Optimization Techniques for Abstracts

Writing a good abstract requires time and experience, but during the writing process, certain techniques can be used for optimization. For example, keywords can be highlighted to emphasize the focus of the research and improve the readability of the abstract. Additionally, literature citations can be incorporated to support research findings with high-quality references.

In summary, writing a good abstract requires attention to language expression, content summarization, and structural design, comprehensively and accurately reflecting the key points and achievements of the paper, allowing readers to better understand the significance and impact of the research.

The abstract is an essential component of academic papers, serving as a summary statement of the paper’s content and a critical basis for readers to decide whether to read the full text. Therefore, the standardization and accuracy of the abstract are crucial to the quality and influence of the paper. Below, we introduce the standardized approach to abstracts in academic papers.

Position and Length of the Abstract

The abstract should generally be placed before the main text, either in the same line as the keywords and title or as a separate paragraph, and should not exceed one page. In terms of specific length, a Chinese abstract should be around 350 words, while an English abstract should be between 120-200 words, depending on the specific paper.

Structural Composition of the Abstract

The structure of the abstract mainly consists of four parts: research background, research methods, research results, and research conclusions. The research background and methods are tailored to the nature of the paper, and other approaches may be used to indicate the corresponding content. The main body of the abstract is generally a continuous piece of text, which can be written in one or multiple paragraphs. The abstract typically does not require a table of contents, but several keywords should be added after the abstract to facilitate retrieval and search in databases and indexing systems.

Key Points in Abstract Writing

In the abstract of an academic paper, the article must clearly state the research results, scope, methods, etc., eliminating all冗长的累叙 and summarizing the full text with the most concise text possible. Accurate and concise expression is the focus of abstract writing; the表述 should be accurate, concise, and specific, avoiding misleading,误解, or ambiguous statements. Additionally, the abstract should be written in academic language, avoiding colloquial or literary descriptions. The abstract should be complete, including the paper’s problem awareness, research methods, results, and conclusions, and should note the paper’s innovation and originality.

Abstract Writing Techniques

Abstract writing techniques mainly include the following: First, based on the specific requirements of the paper, identify the key and difficult points to determine the theme of the abstract. Second, carefully choose accurate and concise expressions, adhering to the basic norms of paper writing. Third, pay attention to the use of various terms and nouns,尽量采用规范术语表示. Fourth, avoid including content in the abstract that lacks evidence and data, do not include citations or use personal or colloquial language, and avoid copying large sections of text directly into the abstract. Fifth, try to write from the perspectives of research purpose,思路, methods, results, and conclusions, strictly describing according to the paper’s content and requirements.

Abstract Writing Standards

Regarding the standards for abstract writing, the following points should be noted: First, the abstract should be structurally complete, clear, concise, and accurate. Second, the text of the abstract should avoid typos and grammatical errors and maintain a certain level of academic and normative quality. Third, it should accurately express the important content of the paper while paying attention to the basic structure of the paper. Fourth,尽量避免在摘要中引用文献或其他材料, especially avoiding phrases like “as shown in the figure” to introduce images or tables. Fifth, the abstract should achieve standardization and scientificity in language,尽量避免主观性和情绪化的语言, maintaining an objective and neutral attitude.

At this point, the standardization and accuracy of the abstract have been introduced. When writing papers, we must always remember the standardized and correct methods of abstract writing to ensure our research results gain more recognition and attention.

Abstract Word Count (Analysis of Common Issues)

Abstract word count refers to the number of words contained in the abstract section of an article or paper. In academic and publishing circles, the abstract is often the first part that readers encounter, making the importance of abstract word count undeniable. This article discusses the significance of abstract word count and how to set it appropriately.

Importance of Abstract Word Count

When reading a news report, academic paper, or book, we usually start with the abstract to understand the main points and essence of the article. Therefore, a clear and concise abstract can capture the reader’s attention, allowing them to quickly grasp the content and save time. Additionally, the abstract is a crucial component of an article or paper, serving as a window for authors to present their research findings, so it must be carefully designed and refined.

How to Set Abstract Word Count Appropriately

Setting an appropriate abstract word count enables readers to quickly understand the main points of the article while keeping the abstract concise and focused. So, how can we set the abstract word count reasonably? Here are some practical suggestions:

1. Follow Journal or Publisher Requirements

For academic papers, most journals or publishers have clear requirements for abstract word count. Therefore, before writing the abstract, it is advisable to carefully review the submission guidelines of the journal or publisher to comply with the rules and avoid rejection due to issues like insufficient or excessive word count.

2. Adjust Based on Article Length

If the article is longer, appropriately increasing the abstract word count can better summarize the content; if the article is shorter, the abstract word count should be reduced accordingly. Typically, a reasonable abstract word count should be around 100–300 words.

3. Pay Attention to the Structure and Content of the Abstract

The abstract should include the main research questions, methods, key findings, and conclusions of the article. At the same time, the abstract should remain concise and focused, avoiding unnecessary details or lengthy explanations.

Common Issues with Abstract Word Count

When writing an abstract, some common problems often arise:

1. Abstract Too Long or Too Short

An overly long abstract can fatigue readers, while one that is too short may not adequately summarize the article’s content. Therefore, it is essential to set the abstract word count appropriately based on the article’s length and journal requirements.

2. Abstract Content Does Not Match the Article

The abstract should summarize the main content and conclusions of the article, avoiding references to content not mentioned in the article. Otherwise, readers may struggle to understand the article’s main points.

3. Grammatical and Spelling Errors in the Abstract

As a critical part of the article, the language in the abstract should be accurate and free of grammatical and spelling errors, as these can undermine the reader’s trust and understanding of the article.

Conclusion

Setting an appropriate abstract word count is a crucial step in writing a successful article. The abstract word count should be adjusted based on the article’s content, length, and journal requirements, while also paying attention to the structure and content of the abstract. Only by designing a refined and concise abstract can we capture the reader’s attention and make the article more outstanding.

Academic Paper Example (Academic Paper Network)

The final of the Fifth Academic Paper Competition of Northeast University was held online. The competition was hosted by the Innovation and Entrepreneurship College and organized by the Student Science and Technology Association. It is one of the main activities of the university’s 14th College Student Science Festival. After the preliminary selection, a total of 18 academic papers were selected for the final defense. The university invited 7 experts in related fields to serve as judges for the competition.

This competition was divided into two stages: the preliminary and the final. The preliminary round was conducted in the form of a written review, while the final round took the form of an academic paper presentation meeting. The final scores were determined by the evaluation of expert judges and mutual scoring among the participating students. After fierce competition, Hu Yixuan from the School of Materials Science and Engineering won the “Best Academic Performance Award” for her paper titled “Preparation of α-Fe2O3/Ag Thin Film Materials with Higher Photoelectrocatalytic Activity Using Spin Coating Method.” Zhao Zhouhao from the School of Information Science and Engineering, Li Zhenghong from the School of Humanities and Law, Liu Ri from the School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Zhang Xinwen from the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fan Peng from the School of Sciences, Zheng Haizhou from the School of Information Science and Engineering, Wang Bolun from the School of Metallurgy, and Wang Yuhang from the School of Resources and Civil Engineering were awarded the “Outstanding Academic Paper Award.” Additionally, academic papers with Hu Yixuan, Zhao Zhouhao, and Li Zhenghong as first authors received recommendations for the 15th National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Annual Conference.

As an expert judge for the competition, Professor Shen Yanbai, an excellent instructor of the Northeast University Student Innovation Team and the “National Innovation Program,” was invited to provide a summary and commentary. Professor Shen fully affirmed the outstanding performance of the participants and recognized their scientific research explorations in their respective disciplinary fields. He emphasized that scientific research values the process. As an important platform for education, innovation projects provide students with systematic research training during their undergraduate studies, which is crucial for the growth and development of all students. Professor Shen expressed his hope that students would always remember their original intentions in research, maintain their perseverance in exploring the truth, broaden their horizons, and enhance their abilities through the process of academic research, so as to go further on the path of scientific research in the future.

It is reported that the Fifth Academic Paper Competition of the university aims to cultivate and enhance students’ innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities, improve their academic research abilities and levels, and discover and nurture a group of outstanding talents with innovative potential and research capabilities. So far, the competition has been successfully held five times. Since 2021, the competition has become the internal selection for recommending academic papers to the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Annual Conference. In 2022, the Fifth Academic Paper Competition of Northeast University was officially incorporated into the 14th College Student Science Festival of Northeast University, becoming one of the main activities of the Science Festival. This further expanded the reach of the competition, making it a distinctive brand activity for student innovation and entrepreneurship at Northeast University.

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Academic Paper Standardization (Key to Improving Academic Paper Quality)

Academic Paper Standardization (Key to Improving Academic Paper Quality)

In today’s academic world, academic papers are one of the important standards for measuring researchers’ academic capabilities. Writing a standardized, accurate, and complete academic paper is crucial as it directly affects the credibility of research and the transformation of academic achievements. Academic paper standardization refers to a set of norms and guidelines designed to help researchers produce high-quality papers. This article will introduce the importance of academic paper standardization, common standard requirements, and how to comply with these standards to improve academic paper quality.

Importance of Academic Paper Standardization

Academic paper standardization is highly significant for improving paper quality and promoting academic exchange. Following academic paper standards helps researchers better organize paper content, enhance logical structure and readability, and accurately cite previous research findings. Furthermore, standardized academic papers are more likely to pass peer review and gain recognition and respect within the academic community.

• Proper citation of previous research findings
• Improved logical structure and readability of papers
• Passing peer review and gaining academic recognition

Common Requirements of Academic Paper Standards

Academic paper standards cover many aspects, from titles and abstracts to citations and references. Below are some common academic paper standard requirements:

1. Title and Abstract

• The title should concisely summarize the paper’s topic and attract readers’ attention. It should also include keywords to facilitate search engine indexing and retrieval.
• The abstract should introduce the paper’s background, purpose, methods, results, and conclusions, typically not exceeding 300 words.

2. Introduction

• The introduction should clearly state the research background and significance, articulate the research question, and provide a review and evaluation of previous research.
• The introduction should also briefly present the research objectives, methodology, and structure.

3. Methods

• The methods section should describe in detail the research materials, experimental design, data collection, and analysis methods to enable other researchers to replicate the study and verify result reliability.
• If specialized instruments, equipment, or software are used, detailed information should be provided to allow other researchers to reproduce the experimental process.

4. Results and Discussion

• The results section should accurately and clearly present research findings, using charts, tables, or statistical data to support conclusions.
• The discussion section should interpret the results, compare them with previous research, analyze limitations and uncertainties, and suggest directions for future research.

5. Citations and References

• When citing others’ viewpoints, conclusions, or data, sources must be accurately cited, and detailed references should be listed.
• The reference format should comply with academic journal requirements, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style.

How to Improve Paper Quality by Following Academic Paper Standards

Writing papers that comply with academic standards not only improves quality but also gains more academic recognition and opportunities. Below are key steps to help researchers adhere to academic paper standards.

1. Thorough Preparation

• Before starting to write, researchers should carefully consider the importance and feasibility of the research question, clarify research objectives and scope, and conduct a comprehensive literature review to provide sufficient background knowledge and theoretical foundation for the paper.

2. Clear Organizational Structure

• The paper should have a clear structure and logic. Researchers can use headings, paragraphs, and punctuation to organize content, ensuring clear hierarchical structure and information expression.

3. Accurate Data Analysis

• During data analysis, researchers should ensure the use of accurate statistical methods and tools, correctly interpret experimental results, and pay attention to result reliability and validity.

4. Accurate Citations and References

• Researchers should adhere to academic integrity principles when citing and referencing, accurately indicating sources, and using standardized citation formats.

5. Multiple Revisions and Reviews

• After completing the draft, researchers should revise and review the paper multiple times, checking for grammatical errors, unclear logic, and inaccurate data, and seek opinions and suggestions from peers and mentors.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Are academic paper standards only applicable to researchers?

A: Not only researchers but also students and others engaged in academic research should comply with academic paper standards. Standardized academic papers are an important means of academic exchange and knowledge dissemination.

Q: Do academic paper standards apply to all disciplines?

A: Academic paper standards are applicable to all disciplines to some extent. However, different disciplines may have specific requirements and norms. Researchers should choose appropriate standards based on their field of study.

Conclusion

Academic paper standardization is key to improving academic paper quality. Writing papers that comply with standards enhances credibility and academic impact while promoting academic exchange and knowledge dissemination. Researchers should fully understand and adhere to academic paper standards, improving paper quality through proper citation, clear expression, and accurate analysis, thereby further advancing academic research.

Architectural Paper (Plumbing System Paper 5000 Words)

Introduction: Based on years of practical engineering design experience and in accordance with national standard requirements, this paper discusses some characteristics of plumbing system design in newly developed residential buildings.

Keywords: Residential Plumbing Design, Water Meter Installation, Pipeline Layout

1. Water Meter Installation and Water Supply Branch Pipe Layout:

1. Regarding water meter installation. For a long time, unit residential water meters were generally installed indoors in concentrated water use areas such as kitchens or bathrooms. For residences with numerous and dispersed water points, multiple water meters might be installed per household. However, increasing attention is being paid to the many problems caused by indoor water meters, including disruptions to normal life due to meter reading visits and potential risks like home invasion, compromising residential privacy and security; the difficulty and high labor intensity for management personnel reading meters; and instances of water theft where the meter reading does not match actual usage, which management departments cannot effectively stop or penalize. Due to these issues, moving water meters outdoors has become an inevitable choice. The newly revised national standard (“Code for Design of Building Water Supply and Drainage” GB50015—2003, Article 3.4.17) stipulates: water meters for residential units should be relatively centralized for reading and preferably installed outdoors; for water meters installed indoors, remote transmission water meters or IC card smart water meters should be used. Outdoor water meter installation generally adopts the following methods:

a. Centralized installation of household water meters in outdoor water meter wells: This method is commonly used in multi-story unit apartments. Generally, one centralized water meter well is set up per unit, with branch water pipes introduced into households along indoor pipe shafts, and the water company is directly responsible to the users. The advent of new water supply pipe materials—reduced-path single-pipe (internal) multi-channel water supply pipes—has solved the inconvenience caused by laying multiple water supply pipes simultaneously for projects and users, making this metering method an energy-saving and user-friendly excellent design.

b. Water meters installed on staircase rest platforms. The water supply riser is set on the platform, with one water meter box per household; the water meter box is embedded into the walls on both sides of the rest platform. The advantages are: short branch pipes for each household, saving pipe material, and relatively small pipeline head loss. The disadvantages are: dispersed water meters, increasing the labor intensity for reading personnel; indoor fire hydrant boxes are also often明设 on the rest platform, making the already crowded space even more cramped and inconvenient for residents passing through.

c. Water meters are集中 set per floor in water meter rooms, with household water meters neatly arranged against the wall. The advantages are the same as method b. The disadvantage is: branch pipes must be introduced into the室内 along the public corridor ceiling, requiring a suspended ceiling in the corridor.

d. Replacing traditional mechanical water meters with remote transmission water meters or IC card smart water meters. Remote transmission water meters calculate accurately and eliminate the need for manual reading. IC card meters require users to prepay a certain amount of water fee; inserting the recharged IC card into the meter’s reader allows water use. Because remote transmission water meters and IC card meters are relatively expensive and still have some technical issues, they have not been widely used in practical projects yet.

Each of the above methods for outdoor water meter installation has its own advantages and disadvantages. The specific method adopted in practical engineering design should be determined by the designer based on the nature and grade of the residence and the requirements of local industry management departments.

2. Water Supply Branch Pipe Arrangement and Layout. As it has become common for new residences to have one kitchen and two bathrooms, some even equipped with one kitchen and three or four bathrooms, and the positions of water points in the kitchen, bathroom, and balcony are relatively dispersed, the pipeline from the branch pipe to the water point is generally laid within the floor’s screed layer. The outer diameter of the water supply pipe in the screed should not exceed 25mm; when handing over the property, clear marks should be made at the locations where water supply pipes are laid to avoid damage during decoration.

2. Drainage Pipeline Layout:

Article 4.3.8 of the “Residential Design Code” GB500155—2003 stipulates; drainage pipes for sanitary fixtures in residential bathrooms should not pass through the floor slab into other households. Although the code has this regulation, truly achieving this in residential design is still rare. Consequently, in daily life, disputes between upper and lower floor residents due to drainage pipeline leaks are common, affecting neighborly relations. To solve this difficult problem, the following practices are proposed.

1. Kitchen drainage pipeline setup. No floor drain is installed in the kitchen. The drain pipe from the sink is directly connected to the drainage riser on the household’s own floor slab. Because kitchen floors are generally rarely flushed with water anymore—small splashes can be cleaned with a cloth—the installation of a floor drain in the kitchen has lost its practical meaning and can be counterproductive: as the floor drain long lacks water replenishment, the water in the water seal evaporates, allowing odors to enter the kitchen through the drain. Therefore, canceling the kitchen floor drain can avoid the drainage branch pipe entering the lower floor’s space.

2. Bathroom drainage pipeline setup. To prevent bathroom sewage horizontal pipes from entering the lower floor’s space, drainage pipelines are generally laid using the following methods:

a. Lowering the bathroom floor slab, with the sewage horizontal pipe installed within the household above the lowered slab. This method is relatively convenient for drainage pipeline construction but makes pipeline inspection and repair very difficult. This requires strict waterproofing treatment of the bathroom floor and the surroundings of the lowered chamber during actual construction. All water supply and drainage pipelines in the bathroom must undergo strict pressure testing and water holding tests before the pipes are concealed to尽量避免 leaks from sanitary fixtures affecting lower floor users.

b. Using side discharge. The bathroom uses a rear-outlet toilet and a side-discharge floor drain. The bathtub or shower stall is raised, and the drainage branch pipes from various sanitary fixtures are led along the wall corners of the bathroom floor to a cavity wall. The fixture traps and drainage horizontal pipes are set within the floor screed. This method can avoid the situation of积水 in lowered floors but requires close coordination with the architectural discipline.

3. Indoor Fire Hydrant System:

Installation of indoor fire hydrant boxes: For unit apartments, due to平面 position limitations, fire hydrants can generally only be明设 on staircase rest platforms. According to Article 8.3.1.5 of the “Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings” GB50016-2006: Residential buildings over 7 stories should be equipped with an indoor fire hydrant system. When确实困难, only a dry fire riser and an indoor hydrant without a hydrant box (DN65) may be installed… The diameter of the fire riser should not be less than DN65. Therefore, for multi-story residences, the fire hydrant may only have the outlet, without a box, water gun, or hose, etc., to save actual space on the rest platform.

4. Summary

The design of residential water supply and drainage systems is increasingly valued by users. Engineering designers should adhere to the principles of technology, safety, and economy, strive for innovation in practice, seek the best water supply and drainage design solutions, adapt to the new requirements of residential design development, and meet the continuously improving living standards.

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